(Khifdziyah, Muhammad Ishak, and
Sri Yanti)
PBI-D/VI/2nd Group
The State Institute of Islamic
Studies IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon
- Definition of Instrument in research
Research Instrument is a testing
device for measuring a given phenomenon, such as a paper and pencil test, a
questionnaire, an interview, a research tool, or a set of guidelines for
observation.
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009,
Elsevier.
- Definition of Technique of data collection
According to the dictionaire in Biologi online, a data
collection is a systematic gathering of data for a
particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews,
observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually
preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
Data collection techniques can be distinguished
by several things, such as:
1. Under the
Settings (Natural Settings, Laboratories with experimentally, at home by
interviewing respondents, seminars, etc.)
2. Based on the
data sources: (Primary Sources: A source directly provides data and Secondary
Sources: Sources that do not directly provide data).
3. Based on the
data collection techniques are subdivided into: Observations, interviews,
documentation and triangulation / Combined.
- Instruments in Research :
Based on the technique of collecting data, instruments
research devided in 6 kinds, they are :
1. Test
The
test is a series of questions or exercises
or other device used to measure the skills, measurement,
intelligence, ability or talent possessed by
individuals or groups.
There
are many kinds of test in research instrument :
1) Personal
test
2) Talent
test
3) Achievement
test
4) Intelligence
test
5) Attitude
test
2. Quostionnaire
Questionnaire
is a number of written
questions used to obtain information from respondents in terms of
personal statements, or things he knew.
There
are two kinds of quostionnaire :
1) Close
questions
2) Open
questions
3.
Interview
Interviewing
is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the
underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or
behaviour. Interviews can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a
group. They can be conducted at work, at home, in the street or in a shopping
centre, or some other agreed location.
Types
of interview :
1)
Structured
2)
Unstructured
4. Observation
Observation
is conducted direct
observations, it can be done with
the test, questionnaire, range images, and sound recordings. Observation contains a list
of the types of activities that
may arise and will be observed.
In the process of collecting data, observation devined as 2 kinds, they are :
1) Observation
participant
2) Observation
no participant
5.
A graduated
scale (rating)
Rating
or a graduated scale is a subjective measure that created
scale. Although it
is produces a graduated scale the rough data, but
enough to give specific information about the program
or person. These
instruments can easily give you a look, especially
in the appearance
of duty, which shows
the frequency of appearance of the properties. In the up-scale,
which need to be considered is how to determine the scale variable. What should
be asked what can be observed respondents?
6. Documentation
Documentation,
from the word document, which means the written stuff. In the execute
method of documentation, research investigating the
written objects such as books,
magazines, documents, regulations, meeting
minutes, and so on.
The technique data has 4 more
kinds, they are :
1.
Focus group interviews
A
focus group is an interview conducted by a trained moderator in a
non-structured and natural manner with a small group of respondents. The
moderator leads the discussion. The main purpose of focus groups is to gain
insights by listening to a group of people from the appropriate target market
talk about specific issues of interest.
2.
Diaries
A
diary is a way of gathering information about the way individuals spend their
time on professional activities. They are not about records of engagements or
personal journals of thought! Diaries can record either quantitative or
qualitative data, and in management research can provide information about work
patterns and activities.
3.
Critical incidents
The
critical incident technique is an attempt to identify the more ‘noteworthy’
aspects of job behaviour and is based on the assumption that jobs are composed
of critical and non-critical tasks. For example, a critical task might be
defined as one that makes the difference between success and failure in
carrying out important parts of the job. The idea is to collect reports about
what people do that is particularly effective in contributing to good
performance. The incidents are scaled in order of difficulty, frequency and
importance to the job as a whole.
4.
Portfolios
A
measure of a manager’s ability may be expressed in terms of the number and
duration of ‘issues’ or problems being tackled at any one time. The compilation
of problem portfolios is recording information about how each problem arose,
methods used to solve it, difficulties encountered, etc. This analysis also
raises questions about the person’s use of time. What proportion of time is
occupied in checking; in handling problems given by others; on self-generated
problems; on ‘top-priority’ problems; on minor issues, etc? The main problem
with this method and the use of diaries is getting people to agree to record
everything in sufficient detail for you to analyse. It is very time-consuming!
(http://brent.tvu.ac.uk/dissguide/hm1u3/hm1u3text3.htm)
References :
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